Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
What It Is
A federal education law ensuring students with disabilities receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment.
Who It Applies To
Public schools (K–12)
Students who qualify under one of 13 disability categories
Students requiring special education services
Key Components
IEP (Individualized Education Program) required
Annual review of services
Measurable educational goals
Related services (therapy, accommodations, etc.)
Service Dog Relevance
A service dog may be included in a student’s IEP if necessary for FAPE.
Schools must allow a service dog if it enables the student to access education.
The dog does not replace required special education services.
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 – Section 504
What It Is
A federal civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal funding.
Who It Applies To
Public schools
Private schools receiving federal funds
Colleges & universities
Employers receiving federal funds
Key Components
Requires reasonable accommodations
Broader eligibility than IDEA
Does not require special education qualification
504 Plan vs IE
504 Plan IEP (IDEA
Civil rights protection Special education law
Accommodation-based Specialized instruction + service
Broader disability definition 13 defined categories
Service Dog Relevance
A student may have a service dog under a 504 Plan even if they do not qualify for special education.
The school must allow the service dog unless it fundamentally alters operations or poses a direct threat.
Key Differences Between IDEA & Section 504
Featur IDEA Section 504
Type of LaW Education funding law Civil rights law
Requires IEP. Yes No
Requires Special Education Yes No
Covers More Students No Yes
Funding Attached Yes Yes (via federal funds)
How This Connects to the ADA
While IDEA and Section 504 apply in schools, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) also applies to:
Public schools (Title II)
Private schools open to the public (Title III)
Important distinction:
IDEA → ensures educational services
Section 504 → prevents discrimination in federally funded programs
ADA → ensures public access and nondiscrimination
A service dog in school may be protected under all three laws simultaneously.
Practical School Scenario Example
Student with epilepsy:
Under IDEA → Receives special education services via IEP.
Under Section 504 → Protected from discrimination.
Under ADA → Seizure alert service dog must be permitted.